Skipping Breakfast May Increase Coronary Heart Disease Risk
01 August,13
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A large 16-year study (reported in the American Heart Association journal, Circulation) finds men who reported that they skipped breakfast had 27 percent higher risk of heart attack or death from coronary heart disease. The timing of meals, whether it's missing a meal in the morning or eating a meal very late at night, may cause adverse metabolic effects that lead to coronary heart disease. Even after accounting for modest differences in diet, physical activity, smoking and other lifestyle factors, the association between skipping breakfast (or eating very late at night) and coronary heart disease persisted.
What Is A Healthy Weight?
Over the last few decades, using BMI (body mass index) was seen as an excellent means for calculating a person's healthy weight. However, BMI, as you will see later on in this article, is at best, a ballpark calculation with several limitations. BMI is more useful when studying large populations, rather than individuals.
Body Mass Index and Waist-Hip Ratio
BMI (Body Mass Index) and Waist-Hip Ratio are two ways doctors and other health care professionals gauge a person's weight, when
In North America, Europe and much of the rest of the world, the following BMI (kg/m2) point to how a person's weight is classified:
• 18.5 - underweight
• 18.5 to 24.999 - ideal
• 25 to 29.999 - overweight
• 30+ - obese
• 40 - morbidly obese
People have different bone densities and body-fat ratios, BMI does not take these factors into account. An osteoporosis patient may have a lower BMI than another individual without the conditions, however, it is likely that if only BMI measurements were used, the osteoporosis patient would be deemed as healthier. BMI has the following serious drawbacks:
• It underestimates body fat content in obese or overweight people
• It overestimates body fat content in muscular or lean individuals
Waist-Hip Ratio
• Waist-Hip Ratio, also known as WHR, looks at the ratio of a person's waist circumference with their hip circumference. The smallest waist measurement is taken, which is generally just above the navel, this total is divided by their hip circumference at its widest part.
Many experts criticize BMI as not generally useful in evaluation of health. It is at best a rough ballpark basic standard that may indicate population variations, but should not be used for individuals in health care.
Target WHRs are different for males and females:
WHR for men
• - <0.9 - means he has a very low risk of having cardiovascular health problems
• - From 0.9 to 0.99 - means he is at moderate risk of cardiovascular health problems
• - >1 - means his risk of cardiovascular problems are high
WHR for women
• - <0.8 - means she has a very low risk of having cardiovascular health problems
• - From 0.8 to 0.89 - means she is at moderate risk of cardiovascular health problems
• - 0.9 or more - means her risk of cardiovascular problems are high
Waist-Hip Ratio versus Body Mass Index
WHR will give you a much better idea regarding how near you are to a healthy weight, compared to BMI. Apple-shaped people have larger WHRs and tend to have a higher risk of developing diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, compared to pear-shaped individuals. An apple-shaped person has more fat built up on the waist, while the fat on a pear-shaped person has accumulated on their hips. Females whose WHR is below 0.8 tend to be healthier and more fertile than their higher WHR counterparts. A female WHR of 0.8 means she runs a much lower risk of developing many cancers, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes. Males whose WHR is 9 or less have the same benefits, while those with higher WHR have similar health risks (to women in the paragraph above).
What are the drawbacks with WHR?
- it still does not measure the total body fat percentage of the individual, or their muscle-to-fat ratio. However, most agree it is a superior predictor of health risks, and a better measure of ideal weight.